In this study we investigate the relative ability of comprehensive INCOME and NET INCOME to summarize firm performance as reflected in stock returns. We also examine which comprehensive INCOME adjustments improve the ability of INCOME to summarize firm performance. In this study we investigate this claim that INCOME measured on a comprehensive basis is a better measure of firm performance than other summary INCOME measures. The results do not show that comprehensive INCOME is superior to NET INCOME for evaluating firm performance on the basis of stock return and price. In Tehran Stock Exchange except for investment, we found no evidence that comprehensive INCOME for firm performance evaluation on the basis of cash flows prediction is superior to NET INCOME. While we found the better situation for state companies (only in other companies), that is firm performance evaluation on the basis of cash flows prediction using comprehensive INCOME is superior to NET INCOME. Collectively, our results provide some evidence that show comprehensive INCOME adjustments improve ability of INCOME for reflecting firm performance, while there are not strong results.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of demographic variables such as age, gender, education of the head of household, and the number of family members on the dynamics of NET INCOME in urban and rural households for the period 2000-2019. To this end, pseudo panel data constructing 25 age generations of people born in 1930-2004 has been used. The results show that males, the education of the family head, and the number of family members have a positive effect on the dynamics of the NET INCOME of households, while age has a negative effect. High level of INCOME in the previous period will decrease the INCOME change in future periods. In addition, the results show that all of the effective factors on dynamics of household INCOME will increase the inequality in INCOME changes, of which education, previous INCOME, and age of head have the most determinant effect.

Today, the concept of virtual water is one of the most important issues in water resources management. Although there are many studies in the world about this, however, there are few limited quantitative studies in the field of virtual water in Iran. Considering the critical situation of water resources in low-water regions of the world, especially in Iran, this issue is of great importance. The innovation of the present paper is to compute virtual water values by 6-digit SITC codes for all sectors of the economy in selected countries (Persian Gulf countries and European countries). So, for each export and import code in the countries, the amount of virtual water is calculated. The aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of the growth of per capita INCOME on the NET import of virtual water in selected countries during 2001-2012, using estimated values of water contained in products. For this purpose, using the panel data method, an econometric model is estimated. The results of the model estimation showed that, according to theoretical foundations, there is a U-inversion relationship between per capita INCOME and the growth of virtual water imports. So that, Virtual import of water in countries with lower per capita INCOME (Persian Gulf countries) is facing increasing growth. Therefore, it is recommended that in such countries, products with higher water productivity should be considered for export. On the other hand, import relies on products with lower water productivity.

This study examines the relationship of "book value" and "NET INCOME" with the value of companies (Stock Prices). The results are consistent with previous study for “strong companies”, but in “weak companies" the relationship of two criteria with the value of companies is almost the same. Although, the "book value" have a higher relationship with the value of the firm, but the difference isn' t significant.

Destination-based value added taxes (VATs) are commonly thought to encourage exports, while exports are exempt from tax but imports are taxed. Hence, it is a commonplace belief that value added tax encourages exports. The theory of international trade offers very different prediction. In the theoretical point of view, destination- based nature of VAT should have no effect on exports and imports. The reason is that exchange rate adjusts to undo the effects of VAT on exports and imports. Thus, in this study, the effect of value added tax on NET exports has been examined in Iran and other Asian countries from 1985 to 2008. To this end, firstly a hypothesis is tested in which VATs affect NET exports of the selected countries. Also, another hypothesis has been tested in which corporation INCOME tax, as a domestic tax and an alternative of the value-added tax, affects NET exports of the countries under consideration. For this purpose, this study has specified a theoretical and empirical NET export model, and then has estimated the model by using the generalized method of moment (GMM).The estimation results show that value added tax has a negative effect on NET exports in the short run. In addition, value added tax has been neutral and has had no impact on NET exports in the long run. Unlike value added tax, corporation INCOME tax has had a positive and significant effect on NET exports in the short-run.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of increasing electricity price on compensated variation (CV) and deadweight loss (DWL) of different INCOME groups in Iran for 1981 – 2008 period. To do so, an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used and five electricity demand functions were estimated in different INCOME groups. Then on the basis of this estimation CV and DWL were calculated. The results of this research are as follows: By increasing electricity price and use direct subsidy, the welfare of low and middle INCOME groups will increase.By increasing electricity price and use direct subsidy, the welfare of high INCOME groups will decrease.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of increasing electricity price on compensated variation (CV) and deadweight loss (DWL) of different INCOME groups in Iran over the 1967-2004 period. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is employed and five electricity demand functions are estimated for different INCOME groups and based the estimates, CV and DWL are calculated. The effects of electricity price increase on CV and DWL are examined and the following results are obtained: - Comparing CV in different INCOME groups shows that CV increases from the poor to the rich.- Comparing DWL in different INCOME groups shows that DWL increases from the poor to the rich.- By increasing electricity price and using direct subsidy, the welfare of low and middle INCOME groups increase while the welfare of high INCOME groups decrease.

This study is conducted to examine the relationship between the financial expenses and the companies’ value in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). For this purpose, NET profit in residual INCOME model is divided into two groups including operating profit and NET financial expenses. The data collected from 122 companies listed in TSE was examined using multivariate regression model. The results of the study indicated a significant relationship between the stock price of the companies listed in TSE and earnings per share, book value per share and operating profit per share. However, no significant relationship was found between the stock price and the NET financial expenses. Considering the lack of relationship between the stock price and the financial expenses, it is suggested to use residual operating profit model instead of residual INCOME model in evaluating the companies. Furthermore, with regard to the fact that most of the financial items are reported in balance sheet with their fair value, it can be said that the results of this investigation is fully consistent with Penman’s idea that “the items which are reported with the fair value in the balance sheet will be irrelevant in the companies’ evaluation.